This chapter also provides an approximate measure - concentration ratios - for the degree of competition . chapter 4 studies entry and exit barriers of the banking industrial organization , including entry and exit barriers theory , entry and exit barriers of foreign countries , and the correlative problems in china 第四章“银行产业市场壁垒研究”主要分析银行业市场壁垒的基本概念和基本理论，包括银行市场进入壁垒及形成因素、银行业市场退出壁垒及影响因素等问题。
We should formulate energy - saving economic policies for the development of liquor industrial techniques as follows : to attach importance to energy - saving , environmental protection , the utilization of circular economy , bioengineering , solid distillation , storage , blending and flavoring , and the production and the determination of low - alcohol liquor ; to make limitation and elimination in lavish packing , the development of small - scale liquor enterprises , and the production and the sales of unpackaged liquor etc . ; and to strengthen governmental support and social concern on the development of liquor - making industry , to establish a unified , open , orderly and competitive liquor market , to perfect taxation policies and strengthen the taxation management , and to establish technical innovation system and increase production concentration ratio etc 在白酒产业技术发展方向制订节能技术经济政策，开发提高节能、环保、循环经济应用、生物工程、固态蒸馏、贮存、匀兑调味、低度酒的生产和分析检测等技术；限制和淘汰过度包装、规模以下白酒企业的发展、散装白酒的生产和销售等；加强政府对白酒产业的发展支持和社会的关注，建立全国统一、开放、竞争、有序的白酒市场，完善税收政策、加强税收征管，建立技术创新体系，增强白酒行业的创新能力，提高生产的集中度等。
In addition , in postwar ( world war ii ) period , japanese pharmaceutical industry rose abruptly after suffering a great damage , and in a few tens of years , it had become being able to supply more nces than any other counties ( or areas ) in the world . during this course , in japanese pharmaceutical industry , also emerged some conditions similar to ours " status quo which are low concentration ratio , low - grade competitory mode that remains at the level of price competition , and so on 不仅如此，二战后日本的医药产业在遭到了严重破坏的情况下迅速崛起，短短的几十年时间里迅速成长为世界上最大的nces供应国，在这样一个发展过程中，日本也有过与我国目前医药产业状况非常相似的情形，如产业集中度低，竞争方式停留在低水平的价格竞争上等。
In structure , the concentration ratio , economy of scale , differentiation of product and barrier to entry and exit are discussed , which comes to a conclusion that the chinese construction enterprises are being in excess - competition . then the conducts of firms are investigated , which in conclusion is that the construction firms cannot supply their services to the market unless they bid with lowest prices or recur to kinds of abnormal means 市场结构方面，就市场集中度、规模经济、产品差异化以及进入和退出壁垒等要素分别进行了实证考察并将其与国外发达的建筑市场的指标进行了对比，提出我国建筑业处于过度竞争的原子型竞争格局的结论。
In this study , the stem segments of new shoot with axillary buds of well - growth tetraploid black locust trees were used as explants . the effects of different basic mediums , different hormone kinds and their concentrations ratios , different sucrose concentrations on calli induction , buds differentiation and rooting in the process of establishment of high frequency regeneration system of tetraploid black locust were studied . on the base of high frequency regeneration system , the effects of various factors on transformation efficiency of badh mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens were discussed in the light of gus histochemical assays 本实验首先以生长良好的四倍体刺槐优株上当年生新梢的带腋芽茎段为外植体，研究了在四倍体刺槐高频再生体系的建立过程中不同基本培养基、不同激素浓度及其配比、不同蔗糖浓度对愈伤组织的诱导、芽的分化及生根的影响；然后在得到高频再生体系的基础上，通过农杆菌介导法转化甜菜碱醛脱氢酶( badh )基因，以gus染色组织分析为依据探讨了影响转化效率的各种因素，建立了高效、可重复的基因转化体系，为四倍体刺槐目的基因的导入打下了基础。
